摘要

「公民不服從」是民主政治發展中相當特殊的實踐，作為現今民主社會經常出現的意見表達方式，尤以60年代的美國最為蓬勃，如：黑人民權運動、反越戰等等。我們擬從當代政治哲學家羅爾斯正義理論，探究「公民不服從」對民主憲政有什麼樣的意義與作用。本論文主要分為兩部分。第一，考察公民不服從的思想源頭與發展。其中，蘇格拉底的審判、梭羅的違法抗稅、金恩的非暴力抵抗，是主要的歷史案例；同時也是公民不服從思想發展的三個轉折點。然而，前兩者僅呈現「公民不服從」的部分意涵，對有些學者和哲學家來說並不完整，一直要到金恩的實踐，「公民不服從」的思想才算發展成熟。其次，具體的不服從實踐僅是一種行動，它們對民主政治發展所呈現意義與作用，還必須靠理論來解釋與指導，因此，本文的第二個部分即是探討羅爾斯如何建構出系統性的「公民不服從理論」，以及它在羅爾斯整個正義理論裡扮演著什麼角色。

本論文的主要目的，不僅關懷羅爾斯是如何理解作為特殊政治、社會實踐的公民不服從，更重要的是，在一「接近正義」的民主社會中，人們要如何應用「公民不服從理論」追求「理想的正義社會」，致使「公民不服從理論」成為「正義理論」的補充理論。當民主國家中的人們將公民不服從作為意見表達的最後手段時，無異表示政治參與的實踐程序出現了重大的瑕疵。由此，反思公民不服從對於民主政治發展的意義與影響，自有其必要性。藉由羅爾斯的正義理論，可以了解「正義感」對於身處於自由民主社會中的我們，究竟有何重要性與價值。沒有「正義感」作為公民間紐帶，社會就不具有穩定性。無論是「理想的正義理論」或者「公民不服從理論」，「正義感」其實都具有關鍵的地位與作用。僅當「正義感」在理論中得到有效的說明，才能澄清我們心中業已接受的正義理念，因而，我們也才能說我們是民主社會中「具有道德地位之人」(moral person)，享有法治社會的道德尊重。透過「公民不服從」的研究可以彰顯羅爾斯正義理論的真正論旨；同時，也能夠了解當法律不正義或不公平地對待我們時，為何我們會採取行動要求當局「認真對待正義」。

關鍵字： 公民不服從  蘇格拉底  梭羅  金恩  羅爾斯  正義理論  正義感   穩定性 

  具有道德地位之人  認真對待正義

Abstract

     “Civil disobedience” is a development from the democratic politics, which unfolds a rather special practice and often occur a way of expression in the democracy society now, is especially most vigorous by the 60’s America, for example: black civil rights, anti-Vietnam War movement and so on. I intend to study what significance and role “Civil disobedience” play in the democratic constitution from the view of Rawls’ a theory of justice. For the most part this essay has two parts. First I inquired into the thought source and development of civil disobedience. Among them, Socrates’ trial, Thoreau’s refusal to pay poll tax and King’s nonviolent resistance, are the main historic case；With they also are three transitional points of civil disobedience. However, Socrates and Thoreau merely present the partial significance of civil disobedience, it is not incomplete from some scholar and philosopher’s opinion. Until King’s practice civil disobedience only then calculated as mature. Next, the practice of the concrete disobedience justly is a kind of action, must depend on a theory to explain and direction, therefore, this essay second part is to survey how Rawls constructs a systematic theory of civil disobedience, and what role it act in Rawls’s a theory of justice.

     The main purposes of this essay not only concerns how Rawls understands civil disobedience as special political and social practice, but, more importantly, how people apply “a theory of civil disobedience” to pursue “the ideal just society” in a “near-just” democracy society, making “a theory of civil disobedience” the supplemental theory of “a theory of justice”. When people make civil disobedience last resort of expression, to show the practice procedure of political participation have the significant slight defect. From this, the reconsidering civil disobedience has its necessity. By Rawls’s a theory of justice, may understands the “sense of justice” to have what actually importance and value for us in the liberal democracy. There is no “sense of justice” between a bond of citizen, a society doesn’t have stability. No matter what is “the ideal theory of justice” or “civil disobedience”, the “sense of justice” actually plays a key role and status. Only if the “sense of justice” is explained in a theory, it clarifies the idea of justice accepted in our heart, thus, we may say we are moral persons in a democracy society, having a moral respect by the rule of law society.

Key word： Civil Disobedience, Socrates, Thoreau, King, Rawls, A Theory of Justice, A Sense
    of Justice, Stability, Moral Person, Taking Justice Seriously