《墨辯》中的語言哲學
摘要
這篇文章將要嘗試以《墨辯》的文本資料為根據，說明《墨辯》有關語言的理論架構，並從語言哲學的角度探討《墨辯》中的認知、事實和語意問題。在說明了研究目的、方法等之後，本文將會以原典資料為基礎澄清《墨辯》談語言的重要概念「故」、「理」、「類」及「名」、「辭」、「說」、「辯」，並簡單說明這些概念從《墨子》其它章節的一般性用法到《墨辯》中特殊用法的轉化。
第三章將要探討《墨辯》中有關認知和事實的討論及其所採取的觀點。在有關認知的部分，首先會說明《墨辯》對人類知識來源的分析；然後討論作?認知結果或概念的「類」，以及「類」與語言符號「名」和語言表達式「辭」的關係。其次，要討論《墨辯》有關「當」、「可」、「然」、「是」的使用，以及言論的標準與事實之間的關係。最後，將會分別討論古代漢語與《墨辯》中的認知，「名」、「辭」文法結構，以及事實問題的關係。
第四章分別從《墨辯》語言體系的「名」、「辭」、「說」三個角度對《墨辯》中的語意思想進行研究。「名」的部分會涉及到語言的建構性、簡單名的指稱、複合詞的語意規則以及《墨辯》的正名原則。「辭」的部分則討論「辭」的描述性作用、對「辭」的規範性要求、以及「辭」的建構性和語意規則。「說」的部分探討「說」和「辯」的目的、「說」與「類」的關系、以及侔式推理和邏輯結構。最後，探討「辯」的語意思想有涉及到「辯」的目的、客觀性以及價值問題。
關鍵詞：墨辯、認知、事實、語意、真理
Abstract
This paper will attempt to use literary evidence from the Mohist dialectical chapters to explain the Mohist conception of language, and then from the perspective of philosophy of language discuss questions of cognition, fact, and semantics raised by the dialectical chapters. After an explanation of the objectives and methods of the research, this paper will use literary evidence as a basis to clarify the key concepts of gu (cause), li (reason), lei (class), and ming (name), ci (phrase), shuo (argument), and bian (disputation) used by the Mohists to discuss language, and give a brief account of how these concepts differ from their more ordinary usage in the rest of the Mozi.
The third chapter will deal with the Mohist discussion of cognition and fact, and the relevant positions held by the Mohists. With regard to cognition, I will firstly explain the Mohist analysis of the origins of human knowledge, and then discuss how lei acts as the result of cognition, as well as the relation between lei and linguistic symbols ming and linguistic expressions ci. Secondly I will discuss the Mohist usage of dang, ke, ran, and shi, and the relation between standards applying to doctrines and fact. Finally, I will discuss the relations between the classical Chinese language, cognition and the ming-ci grammatical structure, and fact.
The fourth chapter will discuss the semantics of the Mohist dialectical chapters in terms of three of the key concepts of the Mohist linguistic framework, ming, ci, and shuo. The section on ming will relate to the compositionality of language, reference of simple terms, semantic rules governing compound terms, and the Mohist principle of rectification of names. The section on ci will discuss the descriptive function of ci, normative requirements placed upon ci, and the compositionality of ci and its semantic rules. The section on shuo will discuss the objectives of shuo and bian, the relation between shuo and lei, and the relation between Mohist mou form of reasoning and logical structure. Finally, the section on bian will discuss the objectives, objectivity, and value of bian.
Keywords: Mohist dialectical chapters, cognition, fact, meaning, truth