羅蘭˙巴特符號學之「空間」概念研究
摘要
羅蘭．巴特在《符號學歷險》中曾說到：「一般而言人的空間（不僅只有城市空間）已經永遠成為指涉空間。」本論文將針對語言學與符號學的接續與傳承，運用跳脫以往著重實質符號為對象的研究方式，探討空間即符號的學術研究路線，透過符號學的研究，凸顯此兩概念之間的有趣關連性，以建構出符號學視野下的空間議題，由此建立學術脈絡與方法，以作為整體文本發展的方向與路徑。
本論文擬針對主體與對象、對象彼此之間的相對應的關係建構與空間形成，進而往往無法更加有效、明確地掌握到符號的真實概念與意涵。另一方面，當主體面對到符號作為一個對象進行研究時，亦容易被其已經呈現的部分所侷限，因而無法從中找尋、發展其他的探討路徑與可能性。為了解決這樣的問題情形，本文試圖透過巴特承接至索緒爾的語言學觀點所發展出的符號學概念與方式，找出一條新的研究方法與應用路徑。符號學最初的觀點儘管在索緒爾的《普通語言學教程》之中曾被小部分地提及，然而，索緒爾當中所採用的論述方式與思維對於巴特符號學的發展與架構是有著相當重要的影響性。因此，本文將從兩者各自的著作之中，將兩者之間的脈絡關係加以進一步地釐清與建立。
一般而言，主體在運用符號時，不僅僅是利用作為一個對象的符號呈現出自身的觀點概念與價值，更可藉由當中的空間建構來塑造隱藏於其中的神話思維。而當他者進入到此一場域之中時，往往首先關注到的是當中已經呈現的部分，卻忽略了可從主體形構而成的空間脈絡進行解析，並在面對到已經呈現的符號對象所形成的神話概念時，可以藉由當中空間的重新建構與改變，消弭原初被侷限的思維路徑，從而建立起新的空間架構與神話。並針對兩者之間的差異性與神話概念的形成，探討主體與他者之間的關聯，以及符號、空間在這之中所扮演的角色與價值定位，以此建立哲學探討新的論述與發展方向。
關鍵詞：索緒爾、巴特、符號、空間、神話、語言、言說、指涉、語句架構性、整體聯繫性
Abstract
In The Semiotic Challenge, Roland Barthes states: “Human space in general (not only urban space) has always been a signifying space.” The ideas presented in my paper derive from the connection between linguistics and semiology; however, we will depart from the common methods of research which focus on the reality of signs, and discuss the studies and research which theorize that space is sign. Through the research in semiology, we will clarify some interesting relationships between the two concepts, in order to structure the issue of space in semiology. This will help create and develop a completely different approach to research in semiology.
This paper will focus on discussion of the subject and the object; not only the relationship between them, but also the form of space that exists, and this way will be more effective and will more clearly grasp the truth of the concept and meaning of signs. On the other hand, when the subject researches into the object which is the sign, one can easily find a limitation in the part already presented, thus making it difficult to find and develop other routes and possibilities for describing the object.
In order to solve this issue, this paper will try to utilize the ideas of Barthes that derive from and are based on Saussure, and seek a new method of study and application. In Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics we can find the first bases for ideas about semiology as proposed by the author; furthermore, those discussions would have a very important influence on the development and structure of the writings of Barthes. So, we will try to bring the two sides together and create a clear and solid whole.
Generally, when the subject uses signs, not only does he express his own ideas and values to describe the object, but will take advantage of this space to grasp the myth that is hidden within. When someone enters a place, they will usually only notice what is presented before them, and ignore the space designed by the subject, even though analysis of that space would offer more detailed information. When we face and deal with the underlying myth behind the object, we can then modify the space, remove the limitations that existed, and so build up a new space and myth in its place. We can take the differences between the “old” and the “new” space, and the forms of their myths, and then debate the relationship between the subject and the object; using signs and space, we can find out the role and value of the space and the myth. From this, we may establish and develop a new direction for philosophy debate.
Keywords:Saussure, Barthes, sign, space, myth, language, speech, signifier, signified, syntagmatic relation, associative relation.