老子的生命哲學
摘要
老子的生命哲學是建立在道的基石上，生命的價值由道開展，生命哲學的動力由道產生，而道具有其永久性、超越性、特殊性，因而成了生命哲學價值之圭臬；本文首先由道展開一系列脈絡之闡述，而「人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然」；因此，道法自然的自然無為觀形成老子哲學的一大特色，而自然無為的概念也同時成為老子哲學的核心概念。
在老子的生命哲學中有關全生保身、長生久視、生死意涵以及養生之道，是我們人生中重要的課題，老子給予我們莫大的啟示；另外上善、上德、尤其聖人的品德修養乃人格最高之典範值得我們學習；而我們生活的世界是否能通過自然之道達到小國寡民的理想世界，這正是老子生命哲學的基本課題。
最後，老子以其不朽的律則「反者道之動、弱者道之用」鋪陳出他超然的邏輯思維，又「正言若反」的原則，睿智地指出道德高尚完美之人、聰明才智超眾之人、巧言善辯之人，更應若缺、若沖、若屈，若拙、若訥，亦即我們不應著重外在之顯露，而應著重於內在生命之含蘊內斂。
關鍵字：道、常道、自然無為、全生保身、長生久視、反者道之動、弱者道之用、正言若反
Abstract
Lao zi’s philosophy of life is based on the foundation of Tao, by which the values of life are unfolded, the dynamics of Life philosophy are initiated; moreover, the everlastingness, transcendence, and singularity of Tao have constituted the norm of the values of Life philosophy. This project is initiated by a series discourses of Tao. However, “Man models himself after Earth, Earth models itself after Heaven, Heaven models itself after Tao, And Tao models itself after Nature.” Therefore, the notion of “natural inactiveness” of “Tao follows itself” is one of the crucial characteristics of Lao zi’s philosophy, and becomes the core notion of Lao zi’s philosophy at the same time.
In Lao zi’s philosophy, the notions concerning to “perfect-life and preserving body,” “long-life and everlasting conceiving,” “the meanings of life and death,” and “ways of protecting life,” are important issues of our human life. Here, Lao zi provides us significant insights. In addition, “the ultimate good,” “the ultimate virtue,” and, particularly, “the characters and virtues of the Saint” are honorable paradigm of human beings from which we can learn. However, by the ministries of “ the natural way,” our living world could attain to an ideal world of “small country and few people.” This is the fundamental issue of Lao zi’s philosophy of life.
At last, Lao zi has revealed his excellent logic of thinking way by the eternal way, “reversal is the action of Tao, weakness is the function of Tao,” and, by the principle of “straight wors seem to be their opposite,” he wisely points out that the persons who have perfect moral virtues, outstanding intelligence, and diplomatic speech, should behave as being “incomplete,” “empty,” “inward,” “unable,” and “awkward”; that is, we should not concentrate ourselves on the outward manifestation, but the inclusiveness of inner life.
Key words： Tao, the eternal way, Natural,acting without action, perfect-life and preserving body, long-life and everlasting conceiving, reversal is the action of Tao, weakness is the function of Tao, straight words seem to be their opposite.