摘要
本文主要的任務是透過賴爾 (Gilbert Ryle) 對智能活動的討論，進一步釐清智識主義與反智識主義的爭辯。智識主義主張「知道如何」是「知道如此」的一種，而反智識主義則認為並非所有的「知道如何」都是「知道如此」。本文試圖探究是否存有一種「知道如何」是有別於「知道如此」，並試圖釐清什麼是構成「知道如此」與「知道如何」的基本性質。
第一章主要闡述智識主義與反智識主義的爭論，透過這樣的闡述進一步說明賴爾對於智識主義的批評。第二章將呈現史丹利 (Jason Stanley) 和威廉森 (Timothy Williamson) 對於賴爾理論的批評，討論史丹利和威廉森的智識主義論證及其對於賴爾的回應。而在史丹利和威廉森之後對於「知道如何」的討論不在少數，本文也將會在這章節中討論史諾登 (Paul Snowdon) 的智識主義立場與史丹利和威廉森立場的區別。除了智識主義的討論，在第三章也會整理關於後賴爾的反智識主義者相關論證的討論。第四章則是透過充分與必要條件的關係，用來討論「知道如何」與「知道如此」之間的關聯，並藉由波士頓(Ted Poston)所指出「知道如何」及「知道如此」在透過證言傳遞時的差異，試圖釐清什麼是構成「知道如何」與「知道如此」的本質 (essential property)。
關鍵字：知道如何、知道如此、吉伯特·賴爾、智能活動、智識主義、反智識主義、傑森·史丹利、提姆斯·威廉森、泰德·波士頓
Abstract
The main task of this thesis is to explore the debate between intellectualism and anti-intellectualism through Gilbert Ryle's discussion of intelligent performance. Intellectualists maintain that "knowing how" is a kind of "knowing that", while anti-intellectualists believe that not all "knowing how" are "knowing that". This thesis attempts to examine whether there is an instance of "knowing how" which is different from "knowing that", and to understand what constitutes the essential properties of "knowing that" and "knowing how".
In chapter 1, I explore the debate between intellectualism and anti-intellectualism, and Ryle’s argument against intellectualism from intelligent performance. In chapter 2, I present Stanley and Williamson's criticism of Ryle's theory, discussing Stanley and Williamson's arguments for intellectualism and their responses to Ryle. In chapter 3, I show different sorts of post-Ryle anti-intellectualistic arguments. In the final chapter I explain the relationship between "knowing how" and "knowing that" through the distinction between sufficient and necessary conditions, and focus on the testimony objection to intellectualism raised by Ted Poston. I also attempt to clarify what the essential properties of "knowing how" and "knowing that" are.
Keywords：know how, know that, Gilbert Ryle, intelligent performance, intellectualism, anti-intellectualism, Jason Stanley, Timothy Williamson, Ted Poston. Narrative, Tradition
MacIntyre, Virtue, Practice, Narrative, Tradition