摘要
Alasdair MacIntyre認為，當今的社會已將「德性」邊緣化。現今社會中的「工作」受資本社會的影響，漸趨服務於資本，而不是「實踐」。換言之，當我們不擇手段地追求外在於實踐的價值，就無法發現「德性」的作用。MacIntyre提出「德性」的三個層級：「實踐」、「敘事」、「傳統」。當我們發揮誠實、勇敢、正義而從事實踐時，便能獲得其中的「內在善」，而生活就是由各種不同的實踐所組成的「敘事性探尋」。此種「探尋」要求我們要發揮正直、持之以恆等相關德性，方能克服探尋中的誘惑、分心等等，以追求「善」。但是，此「善」不僅是個人的喜好，而是要考慮有關自身的「傳統」所構成的「道德起點」，作為「實踐」與「敘事」的基礎。由上述的三層級，德性使我們獲得各樣實踐中的「內在善」，以探尋社群生活中的「善」。本研究提出MacIntyre「實踐」之主要問題：依照MacIntyre所定義的「實踐」與學者們的研究，性暴力、酷刑等等一般我們認為是「惡」的活動，如果也符合實踐定義，那麼，我們能夠藉由這些活動獲得「內在善」嗎？另一方面，筆者以黑社會活動作為例子，進一步說明「邪惡實踐」與「德性」之問題。筆者藉由上述問題檢視MacIntyre的實踐與德性的理論。
關鍵字：MacIntyre、德性、實踐、敘事、傳統
Abstract
Alasdair MacIntyre claims that the idea of “virtue” nowadays has been marginalized. In the society today, people are deeply affected by capitalism. As a result, works are influenced by capital society and are increasingly serving capital rather than practice itself. In other words, when we pursue the values external to practices by any means, we cannot find the role of virtue.According to MacIntyre’s theory, there are three levels of virtue: practice, narrative, and tradition. On the first level, MacIntyre argues that we can acquire the good internal to a particular practice when we exercise honesty, courage, and justice. Secondly, our own life is a narrative quest composed of various practices, which requires us to exercise integrity, constancy, and other relevant virtues. In order to pursue the goods in our life, it is necessary to overcome the temptation, distraction, etc. in the quest. However, the goods are not only personal preferences, but also one’s moral starting point constituted by the tradition, as the basis of practice and narrative, which one belongs to. On the above three levels, we can achieve all kinds of the goods internal to practices by exerting virtues, meanwhile, quest the goods in the communal life.This thesis discusses the main problem with MacIntyre’s conception of “practice”. Sexual violence, torture, etc., are activities that we generally consider to be evil. According to the concept of “practice” defined by MacIntyre and inquired by the scholars, if they also meet the definition of “practice”, can we still achieve the goods internal to practices through these evil activities? On the other hand, the thesis takes mafia as an example to illustrate the problem of evil practice and virtue. The thesis examines MacIntyre’s theory of practice and virtue through the above questions.
Keywords：MacIntyre, Virtue, Practice, Narrative, Tradition Narrative, Tradition
MacIntyre, Virtue, Practice, Narrative, Tradition