燃素理論失敗的光榮紀事—拉卡托斯科學競爭理論的再考察

摘要
　

    「沒有科學史的科學哲學是空洞的，沒有科學哲學的科學史是盲目的。」顯示拉卡托斯科學方案的主要目的。它在於處理科學哲學和科學史之間的關係。馬斯葛雷夫依據拉氏的科學研究方案為重建方法，將燃素論到氧氣理論的取代過程重新呈現。這呼應了上句名言的後半段，馬氏把化學革命史恰恰好地套入拉氏的研究方法論理，就像把手套入一只剛好吻合的手套裡一般，他企圖展現一次合理的歷史重建。如何重建？重建的方法論中有哪些重點？是本文前半段的第一重點。依照拉氏的研究方案方法論，呈現化學革命史的重建結果，是本文前半段的第二個重點。

    本文後半段有兩大目標：第一，引入、彙整化學史家的歷史資料，和經由科學哲學的指導之下的重建史進行比對和考察，發現拉氏的研究方案在重建歷史的過程中，出現容易被忽略的地方，這是拉氏研究方案中的缺失；以及馬氏的重建結果與真實歷史不符合的地方。第二，主要是探討科學哲學和科學史之間，所延伸出來有哪些新論點？例如，說明科學理論在競爭過程中的「準競爭」狀態；其次是探討競爭過程中的「瓶頸階段」；最後，是討論科學哲學之於科學史所扮演的角色是什麼？

關鍵字：拉卡托斯，馬斯葛雷夫，化學革命，燃素論，氧理論，準競爭狀態，瓶頸階段

Abstract

     “Philosophy of science without history of science is empty；history of science without philosophy of science is blind.” that shows the main purpose of Lakatos’s  methodology of scientific research programmes. It deals with the relationship between Philosophy of science and history of science. Musgrave used Lakatos’s methodology of scientific research programmes as the method of reconstruction, and presented the process of how did oxygen theory supplant phlogiston theory afresh. This is to respond to the second half of the dictum. Musgrave argued that the actual story of the chemical revolution fits Lakatos’s methodology like a glove, and he tried to reveal once rational reconstruction of scientific history. How do we reconstruct it？What are the important points of the methodology？These are the main focus of the first half of the article. To display the reconstruction of chemical revolution in compliance with Lakatos’s methodology of scientific research programmes is the second focus of the first half of the article.

     There are two purposes of the later half of the article. First of all, introduced and arranged chemical historian’s data. And then back-checked the historical reconstruction. We discover some points which would be ignored easily in Lakatos’s methodology of scientific research programmes. And these are the defects in the methodology；the contradiction between Musgrave’s reconstruction and real chemical history. Secondly, focus on what are the new points from the relationship between philosophy of science and history of science. For example, explain the state of “quasi-competition” and talk about the state of “bottleneck” between the scientific theories. Finally, try to answer what kind of the role does philosophy of science play for history of science？

Key words：Lakatos, Musgrave, chemical revolution, phlogiston theory, oxygen theory, quasi-competition, bottleneck