實徵心理學與超驗哲學之間：胡塞爾現象學心理學探究

摘要

      自從一八七九年馮特開啟了實驗室後，心理學終於能從哲學獨立出來，而成為一門研究人類的基礎科學學門。在二十一世紀的今天，心理學已經成為一門無可取代的重要學科。然而在哲學與心理學這兩個學科發展之中，胡塞爾於一九二五年時提出了「現象學心理學」這個新的概念。

    胡塞爾在一九二七年應大英百科全書編輯們的要求，寫了一篇介紹現象學的文章，他用介紹現象學心理學的方式來介紹他的超驗現象學。究竟胡塞爾提出「現象學心理學」，只是用來介紹他的哲學現象學的一種工具，或是現象學心理學是一門可以獨立出來的學問？於是，探究胡塞爾的「現象學心理學」，成為本文的研究重點。

    本文藉由了解胡塞爾所認識的心理學以及從胡塞爾哲學發展的歷史脈絡開始著手進行論述。首先說明現象學心理學與實徵心理學之間的差異在於現象學心理學使用了本質還原，接著說明現象學心理學和現象學哲學之間的差異在於現象學哲學使用了超驗還原，最後說明自然態度與超驗態度的差異，以及現象學心理學在胡塞爾的計畫中是屬於自然態度的範疇。

    本文試圖由上述觀點的論述，說明胡塞爾的「現象學心理學」是一門可供研究的獨立科學學門，並藉由這樣的研究結果，作為往後研究「現象學心理學」的基礎起點。 

關鍵字：胡塞爾、現象學心理學、現象學哲學、實徵心理學、還原、自然態度、超驗態度

Abstract
　

Since the experimental methods were employed by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879, psychology has been separated from philosophy to be an independent science. Psychology is an important scholarship which is a fundamental discipline, which studies human being. However, Edmund Husserl mentioned a new concept of “phenomenological psychology” in psychology and philosophy was found in 1925.

    In 1927, Husserl wrote an article which was an introduction to phenomenology by request of the Encyclopedia Britannica’s editors. He explained phenomenology by “phenomenological psychology”. From Husserl’s point of view, was the phenomenological psychology an instrument for phenomenology or an independent discipline? Therefore, Husserl’s phenomenological psychology was the consideration of this study field.

    This essay is based on Husserl’s understanding of psychology and the historical links arising from Husserl’s philosophy. The following topics were explained. Firstly, this essay will discuss the difference between “phenomenological psychology” and “empirical psychology” is that phenomenological psychology employs the eidetic reduction. Secondly, this essay will explain the difference between “phenomenological psychology “and “phenomenological philosophy” is that phenomenological philosophy employs the transcendental reduction. Finally, this essay will explain the difference between “natural attitude” and “phenomenological attitude”, and the fact that Husserl categorized Phenomenological Psychology into “natural attitude”.

Through the points discussed above, this article aims to demonstrate that Husserl’s phenomenological psychology is an independent science subject. And the conclusion drew from this article can be used as a starting point of phenomenological psychology study in the future.

Key words：Husserl, Phenomenological psychology, transcendental philosophy, Empirical psychology, Reduction, natural attitude, phenomenological attitude