從方東美的「機體主義」論《莊子》「道」之兩重意涵
摘要
實然範疇與應然範疇的斷然二分，促使《莊子》之「道」必須面臨其存在與價值之兩重意涵割裂的詮釋難題。然而《莊子》之「道」在方東美「機體主義」的詮釋下，其關乎存在方面的「本體」、「超本體」、「一切活動的規律」等意涵，以及其屬於價值方面的「終極價值」之意涵，便能基於其中最主要的「統合一切」意涵而得以相互結合。
最關鍵的理由則是在於，若從「道」之整體的「宇宙大生命」來說，一切意涵其實都只是存在性的；但若從「道」之於個體的「人」來說，則其便賦予「人」擁有價值性的意涵。因此《莊子》之「道」中的存在意涵與價值意涵，在方東美「機體主義」的詮釋下，就只是同一概念中的一體之兩面，因而得以相互結合。此外，《太一生水》更能夠在理論證成的角度之外，提供《莊子》「道」之「機體主義」得以結合兩重意涵的一種經驗性具體例證。
關鍵詞：莊子、方東美、道、機體主義、存在、價值
Abstract
The absolute dichotomy between the categories of is and ought forces the Dao of Chuang-Tzu to face the hermeneutic problem of dissevering of dual meaning of existence and value. However, the Dao of Chuang-Tzu, according to Fang-Dongmei’s organicist interpretation, is about the meanings of “substance,” “transcendental substance,” “laws of overall activities” of existence, and is about the meaning of “ultimate value”, so that based upon its main meaning of “unifying everything”, they can be mutually associated.
The most important reason is that according to the “universal great life” of the wholeness of Dao, every meaning in fact is just existential; but according to the way Dao affects the individual man, it gives man possession of the meaning of value. As a result, the existential meaning and value meaning of Dao of Chaung-Tzu, according to the interpretation of? Fang-Dongmei’s organicism, are just two faces of one and the same concept, and thus they can be mutually combined. Furthermore, Tai-Yi-Sheng-Shui- can stand outside of the theoretical justification to provide concrete empirical evidence that the application of organicism of Dao to Chuang-Tzu is able to combine this dual meaning.
Keywords: Chuang-Tzu, Fang-Dongmei, Dao, Organicism, existence, value