盧梭「自然狀態」理論之研究
摘要
盧梭是政治哲學史上重要的人物之一。一直以來，多數人都把盧梭的政治思想與他的哲學思想相分離，這麼做，很容易讓我們看不清盧梭思想的原貌。而這種分離就是來自於對《第二論文》的自然狀態理論的解釋。實際上，盧梭的自然狀態理論與古典自然法學派的使用方式有所不同，他在裡頭其實也寄托了他的哲學思想。為了重新找回真正的盧梭，本文試圖找出《第二論文》中的思想連結，我們必須先從盧梭的自然狀態理論出發，詳細說明盧梭與傳統自然法學派在使用自然狀態這個概念上有何不同，以及進一步解釋盧梭的自然狀態理論與盧梭最終的理想有何關聯，如何把盧梭的哲學與政治思想作出連結。藉由這個步驟來恢復盧梭思想的真正樣貌。
關鍵詞：盧梭、霍布斯、自然狀態、自然法
Abstract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of the prominent figures in the history of political philosophy. Through the explanations of the theory of the state of nature in the Second Discourse, which usually treat his political and philosophical thought separately, Rousseau’s original idea is made unclear. As a matter of fact, Rousseau’ theory of the state of nature is imbued with his philosophical thought, which made a difference from the Classical Natural Law School. In order to reconstruct Rousseau’s original philosophy, the connection between his political and philosophical thought will be discussed in this thesis, which begins with his theory of the state of nature in the Second Discourse. The different uses of the concept of the state of nature between Rousseau’s and the Classical Natural Law School will be treated in detail. It will be further explained how to connect his theory of the state of nature and his political idea and how to unify them into an integral whole.
Keywords: Rousseau, Hobbes, state of nature, natural law